Healthy Nutrition for a Child

Healthy Nutrition for a Child Health Intervention Plan A) Brief summary of concerns about the child’s health and well-being. An overview of Joshua would conclude that he is essentially a healthy six year old boy. Apart from being shy on an initial encounter, all his interactions and physical indices appear to be within normal limits. There were no obvious concerns about his developmental stage. He appeared to sleep appropriately. He lives with both parents and two siblings and communicates appropriately for his age. Nutrition Nutrition (24 hr recall) Breakfast different cereals; corn flakes, coco pops, with fruit – apples, bananas. Lunch, also fruit and noodles some times sandwich of hamburger or cheese. Dinner, vegetable soup, bread roll. Intake of sugar and fat could be high. Nutrition is a major issue for many school children. It is not possible to say, as the result of a brief interview with Joshua, whether or not his general diet is a cause for concern. He clearly is not obese and appears to have an appropriate weight for his height. One can use his reported 24 hr intake as a discussion point. It can be seen that his diet is certainly varied, with fruit, some roughage and some protein (albeit probably processed). There is a suspicion that he has an excessive intake of carbohydrate and fat. If these suspicions have been raised, then it would be sensible to investigate them fully with interviews with the parents to establish whether further empowerment and education of parents and child might be appropriate. (Crisp, J et al. 2005) Sporting strategies The report refers to Joshua’s sporting ambitions. While there is every merit in encouraging Joshua to indulge in sport for both general fitness and development, one has to consider the possibility of injury and overuse damage that can occur in the pre-pubertal child who over-exercises in the hope of achieving his goal of being a professional footballer. One can identify the fact that talking about an area of interest such as sport can serve to engage the child and break down potential communication barriers, the nurse can also use the opportunity to present and discuss factors which are relevant to the child’s health and can be worked into the context of the child’s favourite sporting activity. B) Strategies to address no more than two of these health concerns. Nutrition. The key to a changing a child’s nutrition is to target the parents. (Hockenberry, M 2005). On one level this may seem completely obvious, but there are deeper repercussions to this statement. The implications of this comment will be discussed in the next segment. An appropriate strategy to tackle the problem is firstly to define Joshua’s diet with a greater degree of certainty to ascertain if a problem actually exists. This could be done in a number of ways. Clearly one could ask him on a daily basis about his eating habits for that day. This might be reasonably accurate but would be hopelessly inefficient. A better strategy might be to ask to see the parents and discuss the matter at some length with them. If there was any doubt, then one could ask for a food diary to be kept over a period of two weeks. One would have to be aware that this mechanism is capable of manipulation by the parents, but may provide a basis for discussion. The nurse should be able to make a basic assessment of the situation and if there is any doubt then an appointment with the community dietician might help to resolve the problem. In any event, if concerns have been raised, then it is the nurse’s responsibility to monitor the child’s weight and plot it on a centile chart to document any significant change. Any significant deviations from the normal should ideally be referred to the primary healthcare team. Sports This is not an easy area in the pre-pubertal child. The evidence presented for Joshua does not suggest any problem. As a discussion point however, one can consider the fact that healthcare professionals have to tread a narrow path between encouraging a healthy interest in sport, which can help both body and mind develop properly, and allowing a particular interest in a particular aspect of sport to cause maldevelopment. This latter consideration can either come from a child (who may have some form of associated obsessive illness) or, more frequently from the parents who may have views about pushing the child to achieve. This can have repercussions not only in overuse syndromes, but in psychological issues relating to over-control and overt bullying. An appropriate strategy would be to firstly define the problem with interviews with both the child and their parents. If a problem is believed to exist, then it may simply require advice and guidance for the parents from various healthcare professionals in the primary healthcare team. Specific overuse injuries may require specific interventions. It has to be noted that this is not a common problem, but if it is defined, then it should be taken seriously as the repercussions may have a significant impact on the child’s development. C The use of a wide selection of literature no more than 5 years old, to provide a rationale (justification) for each strategy. You are expected to reference this section. Nutrition. In general terms, the parents (and sometimes the school) are responsible for the provision of an adequate diet for the child, but the literature is full of examples of how maladaptive practices in parents can have quite marked clinical implications for the child’s health. A very recent paper by Moestue has studied the link between a child’s nutritional status and the parental educational level (Moestue H et al. 2008). The nutritional values that the mother has been brought with up largely determines how she will feed her family. To a large extent this is independent of the family’s financial means although the latter may have an adverse impact if it is very low. (Cochrane S H et al. 2000). Obesity is perhaps the most common form of malnutrition and its incidence in developed countries is increasing at an alarming rate. (Maher E J et al. 2008). It is observed that obese parents tend to have obese children. This linkage may not simply be a genetic predisposition (although there is a strong genetic element) but the feeding habits of the mother (in particular) tend to be perpetuated in the child. (Lobstein T et al. 2004). To successfully tackle potential obesity in childhood has a number of positive effects in adulthood. The child who is obese will tend to be an obese adolescent and an obese adult. This will increase the chances of Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and some types of cancer. Reducing the child’s BMI to non-obese levels will reduce their susceptibility to these eventualities. (Zhu H et al. 2008) In terms of tackling this problem, many authorities point to the fact that empowerment and education of the parents is the key to providing children with good eating habits. (Howe J et al. 2004). If these are established in childhood then they are more likely to persist throughout life. Such a remit may be beyond a simple intervention from the school nurse, but involvement of the multidisciplinary primary healthcare team may help in this respect. Sport This essay has highlighted the balance required between a healthy attitude to sport and overindulgence. Although the latter is unusual in this age group, when it happens it can have severe consequences. (Brenner J S, 2007). The reason why this is a particular problem in this age group is the fact that the pre-pubertal child has bones and ligaments which are still growing, as such they cannot handle as much stress as adult bones. Children can get injuries which do not occur in adult life. The growing ends of bone (the ephyisis) can become detached or distorted resulting in abnormal growth. (OKeefe L, 2007). The commonest source of such problems in this age group is parental pressure and expectation. Some parents have completely unrealistic expectations for their children. Others simply want to let the child have opportunities that perhaps they never had and, however misguidedly, push them too hard into sporting activities. The healthcare professional has to be careful not to allow concerns relating to overuse problems to completely dissuade children from sporting activities. Some degree of physical exercise is vital, not only for the child’s physical development, but also to develop habits which are essential for health in future life. (Allender S et al. 2008). This is particularly important in the child who is overweight and who, if this overweight is maintained into adult life, would be at greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (Hillsdon M et al. 2005). Sports participation also aids development in a number of other, more subtle ways. It can encourage the ability to work in a team and also encourages self-reliance. Competitive instincts can also be developed with participation in many sporting activities. (Powell K E et al. 2006) Appendix 1 Child’s first name: Joshua Age Six Years School Fisk Street Primary School Gender Male PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Height 121 Weight 22 BMI 15.2 Temperature 36.8 Pulse 102 respiration 28 Oral health All teeth are in good condition. How could you tell? What was the state of the gums? DEVELOPMENT Speech He spoke very clearly/ but at the beginning he was shy and this is normal in his age. Was the voice hoarse, loud or soft? Interaction with the assessor Good level of interaction with assessor. HEALTH HISTORY Sleep pattern There are no sleep problems indicated. He sleeps from 8:30 pm to 6:00am Sports / Physical Activities On the weekend and some time after school activities are Soccer and football. TV / Screen hours per day He watch TV for Minimum of 2.5 hours per day Other activities Play with his brother X Box and he go with his father for fishing Nutrition (24 hr recall) Breakfast different cereals; corn flakes, coco pops, with fruit – apples, bananas. Lunch, also fruit and noodles some times sandwich of hamburger or cheese. Dinner, vegetable soup, bread roll. Intake of sugar and fat could be high. It is hard to say with a one off assessment. Record any other comments made by the child about their general health status He is very good and strong SOCIAL HISTORY People who live at home with the child (do not include names of individuals) Father, Mother, Brothers Sisters. Family activities Sport activities on week end, they do party for his birthday Friends of the child (do not include names of individuals) He said that he have many friends in the school NOTE ANY OTHER ACTIVITIES YOU UNDERTAKE WITH THE CHILD Joshoa as I assess him he is healthy boy with good communication when I spoke with him also he have dream to be famous player when he will be old man as he said, and he always try to play and asking questions for many time when we will play with balloon this gave me good idea about his health status. Showed good way of engaging with the child. References Allender S, Hutchinson L, Foster C (2008) Life-change events and participation in physical activity: a systematic review. Health Promot. Int., June 1, 2008; 23 (2) : 160 172. Brenner J S, (2007) Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes. Paediatrics Vol. 119 No. 6 June 2007, pp. 1242 1245 Cochrane S H, O’Hara D, Leslie J. (2000) The effects of education on health Washington, DC : World Bank 2000. Crisp, J., Taylor, C 2005, ‘Potter Perry’s fundamentals of nursing, edition’, Elsevier, Marrickville, Australia. 2005 Hillsdon M, Foster C, Thorogood M. (2005) Interventions for Physical Activity (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Human Kinetics 2005 pp. 137 – 59. Hockenberry, M (2005), ‘Wong’s essentials of Pediatric Nursing’, 7th edn. Mosby, St Louis. 2005 Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in medical education. BMJ, Aug 2003 ; 327 : 326 328. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R, et al. (2004) Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Rev 5 : supplement, 4 – 85. Maher E J, Li G, Carter L, Johnson D B. (2008) Preschool Child Care Participation and Obesity at the Start of Kindergarten. Paediatrics Vol. 122 No. 2 August 2008, pp. 322 330 Moestue H, Huttly S (2008) Adult education and child nutrition: the role of family and community. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008; 62 : 153 159; OKeefe L (2007) Overdoing It in Youth Sports. Journal Watch Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, July 25, 2007; 2007 (725) : 3 3. Powell K E and Pratt M. (2006) Physical activity and health. Br Med J 2006 313 : 126 – 7 Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, Treiber F A,. Harshfield G A, Kapuku G, Snieder H, Dong Y (2008) Relationships of Cardiovascular Phenotypes With Healthy Weight, at Risk of Overweight, and Overweight in US Youths. Pediatrics, January 1, 2008; 121 (1) : 115 122. ############################################################## 18.8.08 Word count 2,192 PDG

Compare absolute and relative morality Essay

There are two types of morality, absolute morality and relative morality. An absolutist believes that certain things are always right or wrong no matter the consequences or situation, while a relativist is more concerned with outcomes and believes something is either right or wrong based in certain circumstances or situations. An absolute command is a command that is true all the time, in all places and all situations. An absolutist thinks about what is the right thing of itself, for example murder, because killing someone regardless of the consequences of an action or the results might occur. this means they approach is deontological. The system is simple and easy to apply, as a crime will be a crime regardless of the circumstances. An example is stealing, stealing is always wrong no matter the culture of the person, what the reasons were or when it happened make no difference; stealing is universally wrong and everybody knows that. There are many strengths to absolutism. firstly, because certain things are neither judged right or wrong in all situations, it makes it easier to apply than relativism. for example, in absolutism, if someone was to steal, it would be seen as wrong, while in relativism if someone steals, it might be, because they cannot afford food for their baby, so all other circumstances need to be taken into account. Also, it enable us to have a UN Declaration of human rights, as it provides a universal code to measure everything against. However, there are many weakness to absolutism as ethics are deontological which means that it pays no regard to the outcome or consequences of an action, so for example, if a poor mother stole food to feed her hungry child, this act would be judged wrong, because absolute ethics believe a crime is a crime, even though surely the stealing is for outcome and her child’s life is more important. Also no one can really know what absolute morals are since all sources of morality are open up to people’s opinions and own interpretation. However relative morality judge things relative to the situation. it means there are no universally moral principles and there is no objective truth and if there is it cannot be found. There are many advantages to relativist, such as it is flexible and takes everyone’s opinion into account, as it is based on peoples’ point of view, so no one is wrong and it also takes certain circumstances into account. For example a relativist may believe abortion is wrong, but if a poor mother with hardly any money is pregnant they might allow abortion then, because it avoids the mother bringing a child into the world and giving it a bad life, so with relativism they are more concerned with the outcome. However, there are a number disadvantages to relativism, such as it is very difficult to apply, as judgements are always subjective and based and influenced by peoples’ thoughts, feeling and opinions, so everyone’s ideas of what is right and wrong will be different. Relativism is a lot more difficult to apply than absolutism. Also some acts have always wrong like genocide, so relativism doesn’t allow moral progress. In conclusion, absolute ethics and relativist ethics ways of judgement are both very different, both having lots of disadvantages and advantages. however in my opinion relativist judgements are better, because they take certain situations into account and acts like abortion cannot be wrong.

Pearson Custom Business Resources Essay

Carrefour is global brand whose market edge is ideal. The supermarket chain is revered across the world. It is keeping this in mind that such a brand should always seek to have and maintain this success; key aspect would be to ensure that all their potential customers are reached wherever they are in the globe. One of the ways to ensure this is achieved would be the indulgence of information systems or information technology. Carrefour prides itself in provision of quality products at convenient prices. (Caneja, n.p.)Company overview Carrefour is known to be among the leading supermarket chains in the globe. The supermarket chain is believed to have emanated from France. They have about eleven thousand outlets across the globe; these outlets serve about two billion customers worldwide. This business operates under a number of banners; there are supermarkets, hypermarkets as well as some stores that operate as cash and carry outlets. (Caneja, n.p.) Products offered by Carrefour Company and its target market Carrefour is a business that thrives mostly on the sale of consumer products. The items are the common ones used from day to day within households. Products by this outlet are set at prices that are within the range of the common citizen. At times they also offer their goods at good discounted rates which is a welcome relief to many. Carrefour targets the emerging markets that are found within Asia as well as the Latin American region. (Caneja, n.p.)The two regions offer a prudent growth and untapped area where the large populations favor the retail business set up. Asia offers an exposure to about almost one and a half billion people cumulatively while Latin America offers almost half a billion. Such untapped areas are worth the consideration for expansion; but for now they seem to be working on consolidating their existing market share before venturing out to these areas. (Caneja, n.p.) Marketing plan Carrefour is working on improving their information systems and the corresponding infrastructure. Employees especially those who are coming into contact with the customers directly seem to be the probable individuals to kick off the exercise. Improving and polishing up customer relations is another aspect that has to be worked on. Systems would have to be set out that favor the real-time and constant communication between employees and management when it comes to service delivery to customers. (Salmons, p.125)Technology is also employed when it comes to the monitoring of operations that go around the firm. For effective service delivery; their systems around the globe would have to be re-evaluated with the sole purpose of phasing out redundant ones to be replaced by functional technology. Example of Bluetooth beacons which may be set up on shopping carts is one way; this would help them in making out shopping tendencies of customers. (Swedberg, p.17)The data collected would be of use when creating future business strategies. Milestones achieved by Carrefour In 2014 Carrefour did manage post revenue collections of about one and two billion dollars; with net profit of about two billion dollars. The total asset base rose to about sixty one billion dollars. However revenues decreased by about five percent but profitability rose by close to six percent. Around the same period the retail chain had about ten thousand two hundred stores globally. This number cuts across various types of stores; about four types. (Fortune, n.p.)The financial plan Carrefour would have to post about fifteen billion dollars in sales monthly; in order to post about one hundred and eighty billion dollars as overall collection. Such revenue collection would translate into about a net profit margin of about two and half billion dollars; this would eventually be a step past the grey area they were in 2014. (Salmons, 127)For this to be achieved ICT usage and diversification within the firm would have to be enhanced. Customer relations management and well calculated expansion regime is crucial. Personnel would have to be trained and drilled in line with the future aspiration of the company. (Salmons, p.137) References BIBLIOGRAPHY Caneja, Ana-Diaz. Pearson Custom Business Resources. London: Pearson Plc , 2011. Salmons, Janet. â€Å"Global e-business and collaboration.† Salmons, Janet. Handbook of Research on Electronic Collaboration and Organizational Synergy. Hershey, Pennsylvania : IGI Global , 2012. 122-142. Swedberg, Claire. â€Å"Carrefour To Use Bluetooth Beacons to Track Carts, Baskets .† RFID Journal (2014): 17-18. Fortune,. ‘Global 500’. N.p., 2015. Web. 27 Jan. 2015. Source document

Pablo Picasso Biography Examples

When one hears the name â€Å"Pablo Picasso†, or just â€Å"Picasso†, one is reminded of vivid and abstract colors that form odd shapes or cubes depicting the subject. Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in the Andalusian city known as Mà ¡laga to parents Don Josà © Ruiz y Blasco and Marà ­a Picasso y Là ³pez. He is the eldest of three with him as the only son in the family. Picasso’s father is a professor in the School of Arts and Crafts in Andalusia, while his mother watched over their children. Picasso easily displayed his interest in art and drawing at a very young age as his first words were â€Å"piz†, the shortened name for lapis or pencil. When he turned seven, Picasso’s father slowly taught him how to draw in figures and painting with oil-based paint. Don Ruiz was a traditional artist and instructor, believing that it is important for Picasso to understand the theory and the specificities of live models and the body. Don Ruiz als o took young Picasso to bullfights, which became one of his earliest subjects. By 1891. Picasso’s family moved to A Coruna as his father received the position as a professor in the School of Fine Arts. With his father’s continuous instruction, Picasso was able to amaze his father with his talent for art when Ruiz saw Picasso finishing his unfinished pigeon sketch. According to some retelling, Ruiz was amazed by his son’s painting technique that he vowed to give up painting himself as he cannot reach Picasso’s level. After five years, Picasso yet again moved to Barcelona in 1896 after the death of his sister Conchita, who died from diphtheria. Picasso was immediately admitted to the School of Fine Arts and soon after, he was admitted in the Royal Academy of San Fernando, Madrid due to his capacity to submit his entrance examination test in one day, the test is normally allowed to be done for a month. His school days in the Academy were short lived as Picasso found the atmosphere stifling and restrictive, returning to Barcelona shortly afterward to study on his own. Barcelona, on that period, was a haven for cultural discovery in Spain, allowing Picasso to mingle with other artists and join groups that gather in cafà © Els Quatre Gats. Picasso was quite a traveller as he alternately moved in Paris and Barcelona from 1900 to 1903. In 1901, Picasso launched his first one-man exhibition in Paris (Walther). By the time Picasso set up his studio in Paris in 1904, he was immediately visited by many artists and patrons. Picasso’s first few works show his creative pattern, which allowed him to experiment with modern painting. Picasso became known by then as one of the fastest artists as he was able to finish his artworks in rapid efficiency. Picasso’s artistic venture could be classified in periods. The first period was known as Picasso’s Blue Period, from 1901 and 1904. In this period, Picasso utilized shades of blue and blue-green to give his works a somber expression and melancholy. Blue Period subjects were mostly concentrated on prostitutes and beggars, influenced by his trips in Spain and the suicide of Carlos Casagemas, another Spanish painter and his friend. Both met in the Els Quatre Gats and became friends ever since; however, Casagemas shot himself to death due to his love for Germaine Pichot. In memory of his friend, Picasso dedicated his La Vie painting in 1903, depicting Casegamas. Another work from the Blue Period was known as the Frugal Repast, done in 1904. The painting shows a blind man and a normal woman seated in a bare table. Picasso incorporated the theme of Blindness in other paintings in the period like the Blindman’s Meal (1903), Celestina (1903), Portrait of Soler and the Portrait of Suzanne Bloch. In 1904-1906, Picasso utilized natural and tender colours, mainly red and pink, to enhance his subjects. This coloring style was then referred to the Pink or Rose Period. In this period, Picasso had subjects mostly from the circus, namely the harlequins or the saltimbanques. One of the celebrated paintings of the Rose Period was the Family of Saltimbanques, exhibiting Picasso’s signature theme after the costume of the saltimbanques. Another famous work he did in the period is the Portrait of Gertrude Stein (1906), which utilizes mask-like abstraction, inspired by African ornates seen by Picasso in the Louvre. Eventually, this paved the way for the creation of   Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907), which became Picasso’s number one cubist painting. The Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was first of Picasso’s venture away the visible world as he used monochromatic colors to depict his subject. After the Les Demoiselles, Picasso’s venture to cubism was e vident from 1907 to 1911 with his works depicting his change. Some of these works were the Fruit Dish (1909) and the Ma Jolie or Woman with a Guitar (1911-12). In 1911, Picasso met Georges Braque, who helped him to introduce text and newspaper into cubism, leading to the creation of the cubism collage seen in Still Life with Chair Canning (1911-12). He then returned back to painting after practicing the cubism collage with the Three Musicians (1921) work as his classical take on cubism. Picasso moved back to classical painting in the early 1920s as he presented paintings and drawings depicting a more realistic style to them. One of the most noted works in this category is the Woman in White (1923). The painting was noted to be an artwork which does not need to call attention for itself as it entrances its viewers with its unique color and pictorial style. Picasso also created Guernica, another celebrated artwork which engraved Picasso’s name in the international art world. Th e Guernica presented the bombing of the town called Guernica in Spain, which became a victim of bomb attacks while the Spanish Civil War was taking in place. Picasso created the masterpiece with intense feelings, utilizing monochromatic colors to depict pain, brutality and torture which show Picasso’s idea of the bombing in Guernica (Sateren). Picasso was a notable Communist, earning him the ire of the Soviet Union. He was also banned from Spain by the time Francisco Franco. He also married Olga Khoklova, but settled to a divorce, meeting Jacqueline Roque. Picasso also had four children in his married life. Before he died in April 8, 1973, he was already planning to showcase his works in the Avignon Arts Festival. Since his death in 1973, Picasso’s numerous works were kept hidden from the public as he did not need to sell most of them to the art market. Some of his collections from other artists were also found in his study. Since he did not have a will as to how his works and collections will be sorted upon his death, they were used to pay for his death taxes or estate tax. The collection was forfeited to the French government. The various works and collections were then decided to form the collection for the Musà ©e Picasso in Paris’s Hà ´tel Salà ©. By 2003, the Museo Picasso Mà ¡laga was established b y Picasso’s relatives in his honor. Barcelona also opened Museu Picasso, featuring many of his creations when he was still in Spain, some showing Picasso’s classical techniques not seen in his major masterpieces. The Museu also contains figure sculptures done by Picasso under the supervision of his father Don Ruiz and the collection of Jaime Sabartes, who served as Picasso’s confidant and secretary (Charles). Exhibitions were also held in Picasso’s honour, and as of recent, Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musee National Picasso is currently toured around the globe. The exhibition presents 150 of Picasso’s works from painting, sculptures, to drawings. It is currently being featured in the Art Gallery of Ontario, Canada until August 26, 2012 (Art Gallery of Ontario). Works Cited Art Gallery of Ontario. Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musee National Picasso, Paris. Art Gallery of Ontario, May 2012. Web. 5 June 2012 http://www.ago.net/picasso-masterpieces-from-the-musee-national-picasso-paris. Charles, Victoria. Pablo Picasso. Sirrocco: Parkstone International, 2011. Print. Sateren, Shelly Swanson. Picasso. Mankato: Capstone Press, 2002. Print. Walther, Ingo. Pablo Picaso, 1881-1973: Genius of the Century. Hohenzollernring: Taschen, 2000. Print.